Green Synthesis of Titanium Nanoparticles prepared from Citrus reticulata peels; its Characterization, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

Abstract

This study investigates the green synthesis, characterization, and biological importance of titanium 
dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles formed from the peels of Citrus reticulata (mandarin orange). The 
synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using various analytical techniques, including UV-vis 
spectrophotometry (UV-vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron 
microscopy (SEM). The FTIR of CrTiO2NP shows some noticeable peaks at 3430.53 (-OH), 1779.04, 
1639.76, 1449.41, 1162.46, and 682 cm⁻¹ revealed the presence of functional groups from the peel 
extract, indicating their role in the stabilization of the nanoparticles. SEM analyses provided insights 
into the morphology, shape, and size composition of the synthesized nanoparticles, SEM shows the
spherical shape and particle size of CrTiO₂NP, which ranged from 72 to 135 nm. The LCMS revealed 
Neohesperidin, 3-feruloylquinic acid, Hesperidin, Rhamnoside, Nobiletin, Tangeretin, 
Dihydroquercetin, 4,5-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone, 7-methylcapillarisin. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of EEPCr) and CrTiO₂NP) were evaluated i.e. Cyclooxygenase % (21.42±0.32 
(EEPCr), 23.13±1.62 (CrTiO₂NP), 63.252 while Dicloflenac was employed as the positive standard); 
Lipo-oxygenase % (32.46±1.42 (EEPCr), 53.53±0.13 (CrTiO₂NP), 75.141(Diclofenac)); NO % 
(31.73±0.79 (EEPCr),41.53±0.79 (CrTiO₂NP), 60.2321 (Diclofenac)). The findings of this study 
highlight the successful green synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles using Citrus reticulata peels, their 
physicochemical characteristics, and their promising biological applications, particularly in the fields of 
antiinflammation and antioxidant therapies. This eco-friendly approach to nanoparticle synthesis holds 
great promise for the development of sustainable and biocompatible nanomaterials with diverse 
applications in various industries